Distribution of gamma-ray elements in Cerro do Jarau impact structure and a proposal of geothermal modeling.

Large meteorite impacts release kinetic energy that induces rock deformation, high temperatures and fluid circulation during the cratering process. To understand the correlation between rock deformation and fluid circulation, it is relevant to investigate post-impact hydrothermal flux and its relation to the local geology. The Cerro do Jarau impact structure is a ~13.5 km diameter impact structure located in southern Brazil and formed on Cretaceous continental flood basalts of the Serra Geral Formation and underlying sedimentary strata. This study collected ground gamma-ray data over the structure and produced K, eTh and eU concentrations, eTh/K ratio and F-factor maps to characterize it in terms of its radiometric signatures and their respective spatial distribution. A general decrease in the concentration of the three elements was observed from the outer-rim towards the center of the crater. The central area is defined by very low radiometric values, with relatively high K values, thus indicating the occurrence of K-bearing rocks. Numerical simulations using the HYDROTHERM 3 code showed the fluid circulation pattern over the impact structure. Data interpretation resulted in a scenery consistent with potential fluid remobilization within the impact structure related to hydrothermal processes in the late stages of the crater formation process.

Subconjunctival liposomal sirolimus vs. cyclosporine or tacrolimus as treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs: A double-blind, randomized study.

PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy of a 100 microgram subconjunctival injection of liposome-encapsulated sirolimus (SCJS) to cyclosporine (CsA) or tacrolimus (CsA/T) for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs. METHODS: Dogs with signs and symptoms of KCS were block-randomized to one of two treatment groups: Biweekly SCJS or conventional treatment (CsA/T). Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1) scores, conjunctival hyperemia (CH) scores, corneal opacity (CO) scores, and clinical evaluation of potential side effects were recorded every 2 weeks for 14 weeks for both groups. Differences between groups were analyzed using the mixed results ANOVA and U-Mann Whitney tests (p < .05 was considered significant). RESULTS: A total of 30 eyes were included in the study, of which 20 eyes completed follow-up. There was no statistically significant interaction between the treatment group and time on STT-1 score (p = .165), and median CH and CO scores showed no statistically significant differences between groups (p = .353 and p = .393, respectively). There were no clinically significant side effects present in any subject at any time. CONCLUSION: In this trial, a 1 mg/mL (100 micrograms) SCJS every 2 weeks showed similar safety and efficacy profiles as daily CsA/T in dogs with KS after 14 weeks of treatment. Larger studies should be performed to further assess SCJS as an alternative treatment for KCS.

Safety and Effectiveness Assessment of Ultraviolet-C Disinfection in Aircraft Cabins.

INTRODUCTION: Aircraft cabins, susceptible to disease transmission, require effective strategies to minimize the spread of airborne diseases. This paper reviews the James Reason Swiss Cheese Theory in mitigating these risks, as implemented by the International Civil Aviation Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also evaluates the use of airborne ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light as an additional protective measure.METHODS: Our approach involved a thorough literature review by experts and a detailed risk-vs.-benefit analysis. The review covered existing research to understand the scientific foundation, while the analysis used established techniques to assess the impact of influenza and COVID-19 in terms of infections, deaths, and economic costs.RESULTS: Integrating UV-C light in aircraft cabins, when applied with appropriate scientific understanding and engineering safeguards, has the potential to reduce in-flight disease transmission. This additional mitigation strategy can work synergistically with existing measures.DISCUSSION: The research and risk-vs.-benefit analysis present strong evidence for the safety and effectiveness of continuous UV-C disinfection in aircraft cabins. It suggests that UV-C light, maintained below exposure limits, can be a valuable addition to existing measures against disease transmission during flights.Belland K, Garcia D, DeJohn C, Allen GR, Mills WD, Glaudel SP. Safety and effectiveness assessment of ultraviolet-C disinfection in aircraft cabins. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(3):147-157.

The burden of intestinal parasitic infections in Antioquia, Colombia: Impact in childhood growth development and nutritional status.

Gastrointestinal protist (GP) and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections cause significant morbidity among children in poor-resource settings of tropical and sub-tropical countries including Colombia. Few prospective transversal studies investigating how GP and STH infections affect growth development and nutritional status during childhood have been conducted in this country, none of them in the Antioquia Department. This microscopy-based study estimated the prevalence of GP and helminth (including STH) infections in faecal samples from schoolchildren (n = 384) collected during April-May 2019 in three municipalities of the Antioquia Department. Demographic, epidemiological, and household data were elicited through face-to-face interviews. Parasite detection was carried out by direct microscopic examination of both fresh smears and concentrated faecal material. Children (aged 6-15 years) also had their haemoglobin (Hb) levels, height and weight data collected, and BMI estimated. Data were analysed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Overall, 60.7 % (233/384) of schoolchildren were infected by at least one intestinal parasitic species. Among GPs, Blastocystis sp. was the most common species found (47.7 %, 95 % CI: 42.6-52.8), followed by G. duodenalis (15.9 %, 95 % CI: 12.4-19.9). Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis were sporadically identified (0.3 %, 95 % CI: 0.1-1.4 each). Among helminths, the most prevalent species found were Trichuris trichiura (6.0 %, 95 % CI: 3.8-8.9) and Enterobius vermicularis (1.0 %, 95 % CI: 0.3-2.6). Hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Strongyloides stercoralis were found at prevalence rates <1 %. Underweight, overweigh, or obese schoolchildren had 1.2 times greater chance of being infected with intestinal parasites than their counterparts with a healthy weight (P-value: 0.015). Variables significantly associated with an increased likelihood of being infected by intestinal parasites include living in a household with unfinished flouring, not wearing shoes, being in close proximity to rodents, and having improper waste disposal. Relatively simple interventional measures directed towards the improvement of household conditions, access to sanitary toilets, and promoting shoe wearing can significantly reduce childhood infections by GP and helminths in the Antioquia Department.

The Hybrid Closed-Loop System Tandem t:slim X2™ with Control-IQ Technology: Expert Recommendations for Better Management and Optimization.

Technological advances in the management of diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes (T1D), have played a main role in significantly improving glycemic control of these patients in recent years. Undoubtedly, the most important advance has been the commercialization of hybrid closed-loop systems (HCL). Their effectiveness places them in the different guidelines from scientific societies as the gold standard for the treatment of people with T1D. However, obtaining the maximum performance from these systems requires a degree of expertise from the professionals who care for these patients. Specifically, the Tandem X2:slim with Control-IQ technology system, due to its features and configuration options and adjustments, allows T1D patients to better adapt the management of diabetes to multiple circumstances in their day-to-day life. It is necessary, however, to follow a systematic process to start the system and also for the subsequent follow-up, which allows its optimization in the shortest possible time. This expert recommendation reviews the main features of this HCL system, suggesting how to implement it and optimize its use after gaining experience treating many patients.

Reliability of a handball specific strength test battery and the association with sprint and throwing performance in young handball players.

BACKGROUND: A greater motivation for coaches to be more involved in assessment could be the development of specific strength tests closer to specific handball tasks. Therefore, the aims were to determine the reliability of a handball specific strength test battery in young handball players using a functional electromechanical dynamometer (FEMD) and to evaluate the association between the strength test battery and performance measurements. METHODS: Thirty-two young handball players (25% males and 75% females) performed a repeated-measurement design over four weeks. The players conducted one session per week, with each measurement consisting of two isometric tests to obtain isometric peak force, and four incremental tests. Moreover, performance handball tests (sprint and throwing velocity [TV]) were recorded. RESULTS: The reliability of the whole handball specific strength tests was very high for the peak and mean strength (ICC=0.70-0.85; CV=8.49-13.99; SEM=0.44-0.67 kg). The step forward had a moderate association with 5 to 10 meters' time. The highest correlation between TVmean was found with the peak strength of standing lift and between TVpeak with peak strength of unilateral throw. The sprint total time could be explained by Body Mass Index and peak strength of the standing lift in the 40% and the TVpeak could be explained by arm span and mean strength of the standing lift in the 68%. CONCLUSIONS: The high reliability for all exercises and the significant correlation with handball performance (sprint time and TV) allow us to include these tests in handball team evaluation and training.

Off-label Prescription in Paediatric Dermatology: A Retrospective Observational Study in a Tertiary Hospital.

Off-label prescription in paediatric patients is common, where some studies indicate that dermatological conditions are more prone to off-label treatment. This is the first study to analyse the prevalence of off-label prescription in paediatric dermatology consultation. This retrospective observational study was performed using the medical records of paediatric patients who were evaluated in a paediatric dermatological consultation in Pontevedra University Hospital, Pontevedra, Spain. Of the 468 patients reviewed, 186 prescriptions were issued and 51.10% were off-label prescription drugs. The dermatological conditions for which off-label prescription was most common were atopic dermatitis (29.0%), followed by warts (12.9%) and infantile haemangiomas (11.8%). With respect to drugs, topical tacrolimus (23.7%) was the most frequently prescribed off-label drug. The main reason for prescribing an off-label drug was for a disease not included on the label (62.4%), followed by issuing it at a lower age than authorized (55.9%). There was a significant association between a higher percentage of off-label prescription and younger age (p < 0.001), and the treatment of vitiligo, infantile haemangiomas and warts (p < 0.001). Likewise, the off-label prescription was significantly more common in the case of topical terbinafine, timolol, desloratadine and topical salicylic acid (p < 0.001). To conclude, off-label prescription is predominant in paediatric dermatology, as observed in 51.1% of our patients.

The impact of the Covid-19 vaccination policy in Mexico. A quasi-experimental effectiveness evaluation of a multi-vaccine strategy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of a vaccination campaign that administered five different technologies in a middle-income country with one of the largest Covid-19 epidemics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using data from Mexico's Epidemiological Surveillance System for Viral Respiratory Disease (Sisver) and the design of the vaccine policy in Mexico as a natural experiment, we applied difference-in-differences econometric methods to assess the strategy's effectiveness on transmission, hospitalizations, and mortality rates among adults 60 to 64 years old in Mexico between April and June 2021. RESULTS: We estimated average effectiveness levels of 60.9% against confirmed cases of Covid-19. Vaccination also decreased hospitalizations and deaths by 62.7 and 62.6%, respectively. After adjusting for vaccination coverage, we found an impact of 79.1, 80.9, and 81.3% reduction in new cases, hospitalizations, and deaths among the vaccinated. CONCLUSION: Despite the significant progress in our knowledge of Covid-19 vaccination effectiveness, the available evidence relies mostly on experiences from high-income countries. This study contributes to the scientific literature of Covid-19 vaccination effectiveness in a middle-income country with a multi-vaccine scheme.

Comparison of 20% mannitol and 3% hypertonic saline for intraoperative brain relaxation during supratentorial brain tumour craniotomy in patients with a midline shift / Comparación entre manitol 20% y salino hipertónico 3% para la relajación cerebral intraoperatoria durante craneotomía por tumor cerebral supratentorial en pacientes con desviación de la línea media

Purpose of the study A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was designed to assess differences in brain relaxation between 20% mannitol and 3% hypertonic saline (HS) during elective supratentorial brain tumour surgery in patients with midline shift. Material and methods Sixty patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy for tumour resection were enrolled to receive either 5mL/kg of 20% mannitol (n=30) or 3% HS (n=30) administered at skin incision. PCO2 in arterial blood was maintained within 35–40mmHg and arterial blood pressure was controlled within baseline values ±20%. The primary outcome was the proportion of satisfactory brain relaxation. The surgeon assessed brain relaxation on a four-point scale (1=excellent with no swelling, 2=minimal swelling, 3=serious swelling not requiring treatment, 4=severe swelling requiring treatment). Postsurgical intracranial changes determined by imaging techniques, postoperative complications, PACU and hospital stay, and mortality at 30 days were also recorded. Appropriate statistical tests were used for comparison; P<0.05 was considered as significant. This trial was registered in Eudract.ema.europa.eu (#2021-006290-40). Results There was no difference in brain relaxation: 2.00 [1.00–2.00] and 2.00 [1.75–3.00] for patients in mannitol and HS groups, respectively (P=0.804). Tumour size (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.99–1.01; P=0.371), peritumoral oedema classification (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.11–2.84; P=0.493), mass effect (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.16–4.87; P=0.864), anaesthesia (OR: 4.88, 95% CI: 0.82–28.96; P=0.081) and midline shift (OR: 5.00, 95% CI: 0.84–29.70; P=0.077) did not have a significant influence on brain swelling in patients treated with either mannitol or HS. No significant differences in perioperative outcomes, mortality and length of PACU and hospital stay were observed (AU)

Objetivos del estudio Estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado y doble ciego diseñado para evaluar diferencias en la relajación cerebral entre manitol 20% y salino hipertónico (SH) 3% durante cirugía supratentorial electiva por tumor cerebral en pacientes con desviación de línea media. Material y métodos Sesenta pacientes sometidos a craneotomía supratentorial para resección tumoral se estudiaron para recibir 5ml/kg de manitol 20% (n=30) o SH 3% (n=30) administrados durante la incisión cutánea. La pCO2 en sangre arterial se mantuvo entre 35-40mmHg y la presión arterial se controló dentro de valores basales±20%. El objetivo principal fue la proporción de relajación cerebral satisfactoria. El cirujano evaluó la relajación cerebral en una escala de 4 puntos (1=excelente sin hinchazón, 2=hinchazón mínima, 3=hinchazón grave que no requiere tratamiento, 4=hinchazón severa que requiere tratamiento). Los cambios intracraneales posquirúrgicos determinados por técnicas de imagen, complicaciones postoperatorias, estancia en reanimación y hospitalaria, así como mortalidad a 30 días fueron registrados. Se usaron test estadísticos para la comparación, siendo considerado p<0,05 como significativo. El ensayo fue registrado en Eudract.ema.europa.eu (#2021-006290-40). Resultados No hubo diferencias en la relajación cerebral: 2,00 [1,00-2,00] y 2,00 [1,75-3,00] en los pacientes del grupo manitol y SH respectivamente (p=0,804). El tamaño tumoral (OR: 0,99: IC 95%:0,99-1,01; p=0,371), nivel de edema peritumoral (OR: 0,57; IC 95%:0,11-2,84; p=0,493), efecto masa (OR: 0,86; IC 95%: 0,16-4,87; p=0,864), anestesia empleada (OR: 4,88; 95% IC: 0,82-28,96; p=0,081) y desviación de la línea media (OR: 5,00; IC 95%: 0,84-29,70; p=0,077) no tuvieron influencia significativa sobre la hinchazón cerebral en los pacientes de ambos grupos. No hubo diferencias significativas en los resultados perioperatorios, mortalidad ni en estancia en reanimación ni hospitalaria (AU)

Preventive Conservation of a Short Theatre Skit (Valencian "Sainete") with Cloud Data Storage and Internet of Things.

Preventing the progressive deterioration of works of art over time is a topic of great interest to collectors and museums. With this aim, time capsules where environmental conditions remain unchanged are well known for preserving art. In this paper, a prototype of an IoT time capsule is presented with a focus on low cost in order to make it accessible to private collectors or small museums with tight budgets. Valencian 'sainetes' (small plays), which are considered materials of artistic interest, have been placed in a "time capsule", which is a manually made container with insulating materials for keeping small pieces for a long time. Environmental control has been performed with a low-cost microcontroller, sensors and actuators connected to a free online IoT platform. This platform recorded data and made decisions based on these data, sending cooling or heating orders to an environmental control system. The results obtained are very satisfactory and open interesting perspectives for future research. However, they also highlight some relevant technical and economic limitations that will have to be considered in the future.

Effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom in Health Sciences University Programs: A Literature Review / Efectividad del Aula Invertida en carreras universitarias de Ciencias de la Salud: Revisión de literatura / Efetividade da sala de aula invertida nas carreiras universitárias de ciências da saúde: revisão de literatura

Introduction: Higher education institutions have implemented active learning approaches, such as the Flipped Classroom, to promote the education of their students. Nevertheless, there is conflicting evidence regarding the benefits derived from its implementation. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom application in the education of university students from Health Sciences undergraduate programs. Materials and methods: A systematized narrative review of the literature published between 2012 and 2022. Pubmed, SciELo, Scopus y Web of Science were used as sources of primary articles. A revised version of the Kirkpatrick model was used to assess the effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom. Results: 34 out of the 1020 retrieved articles reached the quantitative synthesis phase. Students value positively this didactic model and acknowledge its contributions in the development of attitudes, knowledge and skills. In contrast, some studies show an increase in the workload and stress levels of students. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that Flipped Classroom is a valid didactic model for the education of Health Sciences students. Future studies should consider the effectiveness of its implementation at a long term organizational level.

Introduction: Higher education institutions have implemented active learning approaches, such as the Flipped Classroom, to promote the education of their students. Nevertheless, there is conflicting evidence regarding the benefits derived from its implementation. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom application in the education of university students from Health Sciences undergraduate programs. Materials and methods: A systematized narrative review of the literature published between 2012 and 2022. Pubmed, SciELo, Scopus y Web of Science were used as sources of primary articles. A revised version of the Kirkpatrick model was used to assess the effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom. Results: 34 out of the 1020 retrieved articles reached the quantitative synthesis phase. Students value positively this didactic model and acknowledge its contributions in the development of attitudes, knowledge and skills. In contrast, some studies show an increase in the workload and stress levels of students. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that Flipped Classroom is a valid didactic model for the education of Health Sciences students. Future studies should consider the effectiveness of its implementation at a long term organizational level.

Introducción: Las instituciones de educación superior han implementado enfoques activos de aprendizaje como el Aula Invertida para favorecer la formación de sus estudiantes. Sin embargo, existe evidencia diversa respecto de los beneficios derivados de su implementación. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de la aplicación del Aula Invertida en la formación de estudiantes universitarios de carreras de pregrado de las Ciencias de la Salud. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa sistematizada de la literatura publicada entre 2012 y 2022, utilizando Pubmed, SciELo, Scopus y Web of Science como fuentes de artículos primarios. Se utilizó la versión revisada del modelo de Kirkpatrick para valorar la efectividad del Aula Invertida. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 1020 artículos, 34 de ellos ingresaron a la fase de síntesis cuantitativa. Los estudiantes valoran positivamente este modelo didáctico y reconocen su aporte en el desarrollo de actitudes, conocimientos y habilidades. Algunos estudios mencionan un aumento de la carga de trabajo y niveles de estrés en los estudiantes. Conclusiones: La evidencia sugiere que Aula Invertida es un modelo didáctico válido para la formación de estudiantes de las Ciencias de la Salud. Futuros estudios deberían considerar la efectividad de su implementación a nivel organizacional y a largo plazo.

Monitoring Changes in the Volatile Profile of Ecuadorian Cocoa during Different Steps in Traditional On-Farm Processing.

The present work was conducted to evaluate the volatile profile of Ecuadorian Forastero, CCN-51, ETT103 and LR14 cocoa beans during traditional fermentation in laurel wood boxes followed by a sun-drying process. Fifty-six volatiles were identified with HS-SPME-GC-MS. Aldehydes, alcohols and ketones were the compounds that mainly characterized the fresh cocoa. The main compounds formed during the anaerobic fermentation step were esters and acids, while in the aerobic fermentation step, an increase in ester-, aldehyde- and acid-type compounds was observed. Finally, after the drying step, a notable increase in the acid (i.e., acetic acid) content was the predominant trend. According to the genotypes, ETT103 presented high contents of terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones and low contents of unfavorable acid compounds. The CCN-51 and LR14 (Trinitarian) varieties stood out for their highest amounts in acids (i.e., acetic acid) at the end of primary processing. Finally, the Forastero cocoa beans were highlighted for their low acid and high trimethylpyrazine contents. According to the chemometric and Venn diagram analyses, ETT-103 was an interestingly high-aromatic-quality variety for cocoa gourmet preparations. The results also showed the need for good control of the processing steps (using prefermentative treatments, starter cultures, etc.) on Ecuadorian genotypes of Trinitarian origin.

Staging Parkinson's disease according to the MNCD classification correlates with caregiver burden.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recently, we demonstrated that staging Parkinson's disease (PD) with a novel simple classification called MNCD, based on four axes (motor, non-motor, cognition, and dependency) and five stages, correlated with disease severity and patients' quality of life. Here, we analyzed the correlation of MNCD staging with PD caregiver's status. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from the baseline visit of PD patients and their principal caregiver recruited from 35 centers in Spain from the COPPADIS cohort from January 2016 to November 2017 were used to apply the MNCD total score (from 0 to 12) and MNCD stages (from 1 to 5) in this cross-sectional analysis. Caregivers completed the Zarit Caregiver Burden Inventory (ZCBI), Caregiver Strain Index (CSI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), PQ-10, and EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index (EUROHIS-QOL8). RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-four PD patients (63 ± 9.6 years old; 61.2% males) and their caregivers (58.5 ± 12.1 years old; 67.9% females) were included. The frequency of MNCD stages was 1, 7.6%; 2, 58.9%; 3, 31.3%; and 4-5, 2.2%. A more advanced MNCD stage was associated with a higher score on the ZCBI (p < .0001) and CSI (p < .0001), and a lower score on the PQ-10 (p = .001), but no significant differences were observed in the BDI-II (p = .310) and EUROHIS-QOL8 (p = .133). Moderate correlations were observed between the MNCD total score and the ZCBI (r = .496; p < .0001), CSI (r = .433; p < .0001), and BDI-II (r = .306; p < .0001) in caregivers. CONCLUSION: Staging PD according to the MNCD classification is correlated with caregivers' strain and burden.

Examining the effects of genetic ancestry information on appraisals of contested racial identities.

OBJECTIVES: The increasing accessibility of DNA ancestry information may influence perceptions of others' and one's own racial identity. The current work tested whether the presence of genetic testing information influenced Black participants' perceptions of individuals who claim a mismatched racial identity (i.e., a racial identity that differs from their parents), and whether these perceptions are moderated by the amount of corroborating DNA evidence and racial claim of the target. METHOD: Black participants (N = 1,041) were randomly assigned to read about an individual claiming a Black or White mismatched racial identity. The target either had a majority amount (71%) of corroborating genetic information, a minimal amount (29%) or made no mention of genetic information. RESULTS: When a majority percentage of corroborating genetic information was provided, participants evaluated Black-identified targets more favorably than White-identified targets. Additionally, Black-identified targets were evaluated most favorably when they had a majority amount of corroborating genetic information. CONCLUSIONS: Among Black perceivers, a majority amount of corroborating genetic information increased positive evaluations of a mismatched, Black-identified racial claim. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessment of power spectral density of microvascular hemodynamics in skeletal muscles at very low and low-frequency via near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopies.

In this work, we used a hybrid time domain near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) device to retrieve hemoglobin and blood flow oscillations of skeletal muscle microvasculature. We focused on very low (VLF) and low-frequency (LF) oscillations (i.e., frequency lower than 0.145 Hz), that are related to myogenic, neurogenic and endothelial activities. We measured power spectral density (PSD) of blood flow and hemoglobin concentration in four muscles (thenar eminence, plantar fascia, sternocleidomastoid and forearm) of 14 healthy volunteers to highlight possible differences in microvascular hemodynamic oscillations. We observed larger PSDs for blood flow compared to hemoglobin concentration, in particular in case of distal muscles (i.e., thenar eminence and plantar fascia). Finally, we compared the PSDs measured on the thenar eminence of healthy subjects with the ones measured on a septic patient in the intensive care unit: lower power in the endothelial-dependent frequency band, and larger power in the myogenic ones were observed in the septic patient, in accordance with previous works based on laser doppler flowmetry.